{"id":16783,"date":"2025-09-22T12:11:30","date_gmt":"2025-09-22T10:11:30","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.beseit.net\/?p=16783"},"modified":"2025-09-22T12:53:47","modified_gmt":"2025-09-22T10:53:47","slug":"paisos-avui-independents-que-formaven-part-despanya-el-1812","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.beseit.net\/?p=16783","title":{"rendered":"Pa\u00efsos avui independents que formaven part d\u2019Espanya el 1812"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>La Constituci\u00f3 de Cadis de 1812 \u2014la famosa <em>Pepa<\/em>\u2014 no nom\u00e9s afectava la pen\u00ednsula Ib\u00e8rica, sin\u00f3 <strong>tot l\u2019Imperi espanyol<\/strong>, incloent-hi territoris d\u2019Am\u00e8rica, \u00c0sia i Oceania. En aquell moment, Espanya es considerava una naci\u00f3 formada per tots els seus territoris, tant europeus com ultramarins.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Llista dels <strong>actuals pa\u00efsos independents<\/strong> que estaven inclosos com a part de la \u201cNaci\u00f3 espanyola\u201d segons la Constituci\u00f3 de 1812:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">? Pa\u00efsos avui independents que formaven part d\u2019Espanya el 1812<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">?? Europa<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Espanya (incloent Catalunya, Gal\u00edcia, Pa\u00eds Basc, etc.)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Andorra (de facto independent, per\u00f2 sota coprincipat amb influ\u00e8ncia espanyola i francesa)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">? Am\u00e8rica<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>M\u00e8xic<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Guatemala<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>El Salvador<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Hondures<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Nicaragua<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Costa Rica<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Panam\u00e0<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Cuba<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Rep\u00fablica Dominicana (part de l&#8217;illa Hispaniola)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Vene\u00e7uela<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Col\u00f2mbia<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Equador<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Per\u00fa<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Bol\u00edvia<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Xile<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Argentina<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Paraguai<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Uruguai<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">? \u00c0sia i Oceania<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Filipines<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Guam<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Illes Marianes<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Illes Carolines (ara part de Micron\u00e8sia i Palau)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">? Context hist\u00f2ric<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>La Constituci\u00f3 de 1812 reconeixia com a ciutadans espanyols tots els habitants de l\u2019Imperi, incloent-hi els criolls americans. Per\u00f2 en paral\u00b7lel, molts d\u2019aquests territoris ja estaven en proc\u00e9s de <strong>revolta o independ\u00e8ncia<\/strong>, especialment a Am\u00e8rica Llatina, on les guerres d\u2019independ\u00e8ncia estaven en marxa.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p>La idea de \u201cnaci\u00f3 espanyola\u201d era molt m\u00e9s extensa que l\u2019Espanya actual. De fet, com diu <a href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Constituci%C3%B3_Espanyola_de_1812\">aquesta font<\/a>, la Constituci\u00f3 estava pensada per regir <strong>tots els espanyols d&#8217;\u201cambd\u00f3s hemisferis\u201d<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"659\" height=\"398\" src=\"https:\/\/www.beseit.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/image-1.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-16784\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.beseit.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/image-1.png 659w, https:\/\/www.beseit.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/image-1-300x181.png 300w, https:\/\/www.beseit.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/image-1-497x300.png 497w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 659px) 100vw, 659px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>El primer pa\u00eds d\u2019aquesta llista que va iniciar formalment el <strong>proc\u00e9s d\u2019independ\u00e8ncia<\/strong> de l\u2019Imperi espanyol va ser <strong>Vene\u00e7uela<\/strong>, amb la <strong>declaraci\u00f3 del 19 d\u2019abril de 1810<\/strong>, seguida per la <strong>Proclamaci\u00f3 d\u2019Independ\u00e8ncia el 5 de juliol de 1811<\/strong>. Aquest acte va marcar l\u2019inici de les revolucions hispanoamericanes que s\u2019estendrien per tot el continent.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Aqu\u00ed tens una cronologia simplificada dels <strong>primers moviments d\u2019independ\u00e8ncia<\/strong> entre els pa\u00efsos que menciones:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">?\ufe0f Cronologia dels primers processos d\u2019independ\u00e8ncia<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><thead><tr><th>Pa\u00eds<\/th><th>Inici formal del proc\u00e9s d\u2019independ\u00e8ncia<\/th><th>Notes breus<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td><strong>Vene\u00e7uela<\/strong><\/td><td>1810 (declaraci\u00f3) \/ 1811 (proclamaci\u00f3)<\/td><td>Primer pa\u00eds a declarar-se independent<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Argentina<\/strong><\/td><td>1810 (Revoluci\u00f3 de Maig) \/ 1816 (proclamaci\u00f3)<\/td><td>Govern aut\u00f2nom des de 1810<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Paraguai<\/strong><\/td><td>1811<\/td><td>Moviment pac\u00edfic i r\u00e0pid<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Col\u00f2mbia (Nova Granada)<\/strong><\/td><td>1810<\/td><td>Diverses regions van declarar-se independents<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Xile<\/strong><\/td><td>1810 (Primera Junta) \/ 1818 (independ\u00e8ncia)<\/td><td>Guerra prolongada<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>M\u00e8xic<\/strong><\/td><td>1810 (Grito de Dolores) \/ 1821 (independ\u00e8ncia)<\/td><td>Revolta popular seguida de guerra<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Equador<\/strong><\/td><td>1809 (Primer crit de independ\u00e8ncia) \/ 1822<\/td><td>El 1809 \u00e9s simb\u00f2lic, per\u00f2 no consolidat fins m\u00e9s tard<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Uruguai<\/strong><\/td><td>1811 (Batalla de Las Piedras) \/ 1828<\/td><td>Conflicte entre Espanya, Portugal i Argentina<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Per\u00fa<\/strong><\/td><td>1821<\/td><td>Forta pres\u00e8ncia espanyola fins al final<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Bol\u00edvia<\/strong><\/td><td>1809 (revolta a Chuquisaca) \/ 1825<\/td><td>Revolta primerenca per\u00f2 independ\u00e8ncia tardana<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Rep. Dominicana<\/strong><\/td><td>1821 (independ\u00e8ncia d\u2019Espanya) \/ 1844 (de Hait\u00ed)<\/td><td>Complexa per la doble ocupaci\u00f3<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Am\u00e8rica Central (Guatemala, El Salvador, Hondures, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panam\u00e0)<\/strong><\/td><td>1821<\/td><td>Es van independitzar conjuntament com la Capitania General de Guatemala<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Cuba<\/strong><\/td><td>1868 (Guerra dels Deu Anys) \/ 1898<\/td><td>\u00daltima gran col\u00f2nia americana a independitzar-se<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Filipines<\/strong><\/td><td>1896 (Revoluci\u00f3 Filipina) \/ 1898<\/td><td>Influ\u00e8ncia dels EUA en la fase final<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Guam, Marianes, Carolines<\/strong><\/td><td>Final del segle XIX \/ principis del XX<\/td><td>Cedides o ocupades per EUA, Alemanya o Jap\u00f3<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">? Observaci\u00f3 clau<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Tot i que <strong>Equador i Bol\u00edvia<\/strong> van tenir revoltes molt primerenques (1809), <strong>Vene\u00e7uela<\/strong> va ser el primer a fer una <strong>declaraci\u00f3 formal d\u2019independ\u00e8ncia<\/strong>, amb una estructura pol\u00edtica clara i reconeguda. Aix\u00f2 la converteix en el <strong>punt d\u2019inici oficial<\/strong> del desmembrament de l\u2019Imperi espanyol a Am\u00e8rica.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>S\u00ed, Miquel. L\u2019any <strong>1810<\/strong>, durant el per\u00edode virreinal, <strong>la pen\u00ednsula de Yucat\u00e1n formava part del territori de la Nova Espanya<\/strong>, que \u00e9s el que avui coneixem com M\u00e8xic. Concretament, Yucat\u00e1n era una <strong>capitania general<\/strong> dins l\u2019Imperi espanyol, amb certa autonomia administrativa per\u00f2 sota jurisdicci\u00f3 del virrei de Nova Espanya.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">?\ufe0f Composici\u00f3 territorial de M\u00e8xic el 1810<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Nova Espanya<\/strong> inclo\u00efa:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Tot el que avui \u00e9s M\u00e8xic continental<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>La pen\u00ednsula de Yucat\u00e1n (amb les actuals regions de Yucat\u00e1n, Campeche i Quintana Roo)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Parts del que avui s\u00f3n els EUA (Calif\u00f2rnia, Texas, Nou M\u00e8xic, Arizona, Nevada, Utah, etc.)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Les Filipines i altres territoris del Pac\u00edfic, com Guam i les Marianes, estaven administrades des de Nova Espanya<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p>La <a href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Evoluci%C3%B3_territorial_de_M%C3%A8xic\">Capitania General de Yucat\u00e1n<\/a> era una entitat pr\u00f2pia dins la Nova Espanya, per\u00f2 <strong>s\u00ed que estava integrada dins el conjunt del virregnat<\/strong>, i per tant, dins el que es considerava \u201cM\u00e8xic\u201d en sentit ampli.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">? Detall important<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Tot i que Yucat\u00e1n tenia una administraci\u00f3 pr\u00f2pia, <strong>el moviment independentista mexic\u00e0 iniciat el 1810 (Grito de Dolores)<\/strong> tamb\u00e9 va acabar afectant la pen\u00ednsula. Yucat\u00e1n s\u2019hi va sumar m\u00e9s tard, i va tenir episodis de separaci\u00f3 i reincorporaci\u00f3 al llarg del segle XIX.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>La Constituci\u00f3 de Cadis de 1812 \u2014la famosa Pepa\u2014 no nom\u00e9s afectava la pen\u00ednsula Ib\u00e8rica, sin\u00f3 tot l\u2019Imperi espanyol, incloent-hi territoris d\u2019Am\u00e8rica, \u00c0sia i Oceania. En aquell moment, Espanya es considerava una naci\u00f3 formada per tots els seus territoris, tant &hellip; <a href=\"https:\/\/www.beseit.net\/?p=16783\">Continua llegint <span class=\"meta-nav\">&rarr;<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[35],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-16783","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-historia"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.beseit.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/16783","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.beseit.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.beseit.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.beseit.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.beseit.net\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=16783"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/www.beseit.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/16783\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":16790,"href":"https:\/\/www.beseit.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/16783\/revisions\/16790"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.beseit.net\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=16783"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.beseit.net\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=16783"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.beseit.net\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=16783"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}